The Role of the Overriding Plate and Mantle Viscosity Structure on Deep
Slab Morphology
Abstract
Using 2D numerical subduction models, we compare deep slab behaviour
with oceanic and continental overriding plates and a mantle viscosity
structure where the lower mantle viscosity jump occurs either at 660 km
or at 1000 km depth as suggested by the latest geoid inversions. We
demonstrate that a strong, thick, and buoyant continental plate,
combined with a 1000 km depth viscosity increase, promotes slab
penetration into the lower mantle. Conversely, the same slab will
deflect at 660 km depth if this subducts under an oceanic plate into a
mantle where the viscosity increases at the canonical 660 km depth. To
quantify these dynamics, we introduce a slab bending ratio, by dividing
the deep slab tip angle by the shallow slab angle, reflecting the
steepness, and sinking history of the slab. Ocean-ocean convergence
models with a viscosity increase coincident with the phase transition at
660 km depth have low ratios and flattened slabs comparable to
ocean-ocean cases in nature (e.g., Izu-Bonin). Coupling a continental
overriding plate with a 1000 km depth viscosity increase separate from
the endothermic phase change results in slabs with high ratio values,
and stepped morphologies similar to that observed for the Nazca plate
beneath the Southern Peruvian arc. Our results highlight that slab
morphologies ultimately express the interaction between the type of
overriding plate, slab-induced flow, and phase transitions, modulated by
the viscosity structure of the top of the lower mantle and transition
zone.