Abstract
The direct radiative forcing (RF) from halocarbons is reasonably well
characterised. However, the forcing due to polyatomic halogen reservoir
and halocarbon breakdown products has not previously been quantified and
it is important to assess the size of this contribution. Four gases,
ClONO2, COCl2, COF2 and COClF, are considered; their stratospheric
abundances mostly originate from the breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons and CCl4. They have significant mid-infrared
absorption bands and peak stratospheric mole fractions ranging from
around 20 ppt to over 1 ppb, which are large compared to typical
abundances of many emitted halocarbons. Using satellite observations of
stratospheric abundance, observed infrared spectra, and a narrow-band
radiation code, the stratosphere-adjusted RF (SARF) is computed. The
global-annual mean SARF is estimated to be ≈7 mW m-2 based on measured
abundances in the period 2004-2019, with ClONO2 contributing about 50%.
Only 8 individual halocarbon gases cause a significantly greater
forcing. This forcing is then approximately attributed to their source
gases; for most, it modestly enhances (by 1-3%) both their direct RF
and their global warming potentials. The most significant enhancement
(5-15%) is to CCl4, the principal source of stratospheric COCl2 and
contributor to ClONO2 abundances; disagreement in recent satellite-based
COCl2 retrievals is a significant source of uncertainty. These
additional gases enhance the available best estimate of the total
forcing due to halocarbon source gases (including e.g. stratospheric
ozone depletion) by about 3%; notably, this contribution is the only
identified indirect mechanism that increases, rather than decreases, the
total halocarbon forcing.