Abstract
Increasing empirical evidence has revealed that host-switching is more
common than cospeciation in the history of parasites. Here, we
investigated how the intensity of host-switching, mediated by
opportunity and compatibility, affects the phylogenetic history and
ecology of the parasites. We developed a theoretical model to simulate
the evolution of populations of parasites that can explore and colonize
new hosts under variable host-switching intensities. Eco-evolutionary
patterns (beta diversity/normalized Sackin index) obtained from parasite
simulations were compared to nine empirical cases. Our model reproduced
the empirical patterns, and such simulations varied in host-switching
intensity according to the analysed case. This intensity does not differ
among cases of ecto and endoparasites, but it was stronger in local
cases when compared to a regional scale. Our results highlight the
importance of contact opportunity, and suggest that host-switching
intensity mediates the exploration and colonization of new hosts
promoting variation in the eco-evolutionary patterns.