Abstract
Objective: Racial disparities in pre-existing diabetes (PDM)
and gestational diabetes (GDM) remain largely unexplored. We examine
national PDM and GDM prevalence trends by race/ethnicity, and the
association between these conditions and fetal death. Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis Setting: United States
Nationwide Inpatient Sample Survey Population/Sample: A total
of 69,539,875 pregnancy-related hospitalization from 2002 to 2017
including 674,040 women with PDM (1.0%) and 2,960,797 (4.3%) with GDM.
Methods: Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate trends in
prevalence. Survey logistic regression was used to evaluate the
association between exposures (PDM and GDM) and outcome. Main
Outcome Measures: National trends in PDM and GDM prevalence by
race/ethnicity, and the association between these conditions and fetal
death Results: Overall, the average annual increase in
prevalence was 5.2% (95% CI [4.2, 6.2]) for GDM and 1.0% (95% CI
[-0.1, 2.0]) for PDM, over the study period. Hispanic (AAPC 5.3;
95% CI [3.6, 7.1]) and NH-Black (AAPC 0.9; 95% CI [0.1, 1.7])
women had the highest average annual percent increase in prevalence of
GDM and PDM, respectively. After adjustment, odds of stillbirth were
highest for Hispanic (OR 2.41:95% CI [2.23, 2.60]) women with PDM
and decreased for women with GDM (OR 0.51;95% CI [0.50, 0.53),
irrespective of race/ethnicity. Conclusions and Global Health
Implications: PDM and GDM prevalence is increasing in the U.S. with
highest average annual percent changes seen among minority women.
Further, reasons for variation in occurrence of stillbirths among
mothers with PDM and GDM by race/ethnicity are not clear and warrant
additional research.