5. Conclusion
Andromonoecy is a dominant type of breeding system in Apiaceae. In perennial species, it expressed by sexual configuration from staminate to perfect flowers. The ovule get inhibited in staminate flowers as remnants (Reuther and Claßen-Bockhoff 2010, 2013, Ajani et al. 2016). Unlikely, in Di. persica , andromonoecy expressed by abortion of ovules from inception (empty ovary). This shows the variation of development pathway of andromonoecy that is confirming the parallel evolution of this feature in Apiaceae (Schlessman 2010). Considering the annual habit form and severe environment conditions, the plant adopted to costs more on perfect flowers than staminate ones (Lovett-Doust and Harper 1980). The role of staminate flowers, therefore, may likely protect the perfect flower and increasing the rate of outcrossing.
In Di. persica , the functional role of the club-like organ in pollination is not experimentally studied. The beetle pollination (own observation) is confirming the fact the diverse shapes, colors and sizes of the organ are giving signals to attract the beetles.