Qualitative data analysis is a critical phase in qualitative research. One of its cornerstones is the coding process. Deductive and inductive codes are generated for breadth and depth exploration of the research topics, respectively. Deductive coding bases on ‘a priori’ of codes to which segments of texts and transcripts are assigned. Inductive coding begins with data, making segments and categories, and generating relevant codes. It is concluded from this analysis that both the deductive and inductive coding often occurs in a qualitative data analysis process. Areas of further investigation are recommended.

A document by Reuben Bihu. Click on the document to view its contents.

Questionnaire surveys dominate the methodological designs in educational and social studies, particularly in developing countries. It is conceived practically easy to adopt study protocols under the design, and of course, most researchers would prefer using questionnaire survey studies designed in the most simple ways. Such studies provide the most economical way of gathering information from representations giving data that apply to general populations. As such, the desire for cost management and redeeming time have caused many researchers to adapt, adopt and apply the designs, even where it doesn't qualify for the study contexts. Consequently, they are confronted by managing consistent errors and mismatching study protocols and methodologies. However, the benefits of using the design are real and popular even to novice researchers, and the problems arising from the design are always easily addressed by experienced researchers.