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\begin{document}

\title{Internal tide variability off Central California: multiple sources,
seasonality, and eddying background}



\author[1]{Tongxin Cai}%
\author[1]{Zhongxiang Zhao}%
\author[1]{Eric A D'Asaro}%
\author[2]{Jinbo Wang}%
\author[3]{Lee-Lueng Fu}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington}%
\affil[2]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography}%
\affil[3]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Two moorings deployed for 75 days in 2019 and long-term satellite
altimetry data reveal a spatially complex and temporally variable
internal tidal field at the SWOT Cal/Val site off central California due
to the interference of multiple seasonally-variable sources. Coherent
tides account for \$\textbackslash{}sim\$45\textbackslash{}\% of the
potential energy. The south mooring exhibits more energetic semidiurnal
tides, while the north mooring displays stronger mode-1 M\$\_2\$ with an
amplitude of \$\textbackslash{}sim\$5.1 mm. These findings from in situ
observations align with the analysis of 27-year altimetry data. The
altimetry results indicate that the complex internal tidal field is
attributed to multiple sources. Mode-1 tides primarily originate from
the Mendocino Ridge and the
36.5\textbackslash{}textendash37.5\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$N
California continental slope, while mode-2 tides are generated by local
seamounts and Monterey Bay. The generation and propagation of these
tides are influenced by mesoscale eddies and seasonal stratification.
Seasonality is evident for mode-1 waves from three directions. Southward
components from the Mendocino Ridge consistently play a dominant role
(\$\textbackslash{}sim\$268 MW) yearlong. We observed the strongest
eastward waves during the fall and spring seasons, generated remotely
from the Hawaiian Ridge. Westward waves from the
36.5\textbackslash{}textendash37.5\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$N
California continental slope are weakest during summer, while those from
the Southern California Bight are weakest during spring. The highest
variability of energy flux is found in the westward waves
(\$\textbackslash{}pm 22\textbackslash{}\%\$), while the lowest is in
the southward waves (\$\textbackslash{}pm 13\textbackslash{}\%\$). These
findings emphasize the importance of incorporating the seasonality and
spatial variability of internal tides for the SWOT internal tidal
correction.%
\end{abstract}%



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