The Complex Role of Storms in Modulating Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the
sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean.
Abstract
The intra-seasonal CO2 flux (FCO2) variability across the
Southern Ocean is poorly understood due to sparse observations at the
required temporal and spatial scales. Twinned Waveglider-Seaglider
experiments were used to investigate how storms influence FCO2
through both the gas transfer velocity (kw) and the air-sea gradient
in partial pressure of CO2 (ΔpCO2) in the sub-Antarctic zone.
Winter-spring storms caused ΔpCO2 to weaken (by 15-55 μatm) due to
mixing/entrainment and weaker stratification. This response in ΔpCO2
was in phase with kw resulting in a counteractive weakening in
FCO2 (by 6.6 - 26.5% per storm), despite the wind-driven increase
in kw. Stronger stratification during summer explained the weaker
sensitivity of ΔpCO2 to storms, instead its thermal drivers
dominated the ΔpCO2 variability. These results highlight the
importance of observing synoptic-scale variability in ΔpCO2, the
absence of which may propagate significant biases to the mean annual
FCO2 estimates from large-scale observing programmes and
reconstructions.