[Insert Figure here]
Figure 1: Cesarean section (CS) rates per 100 live births in
India. a) Total, public, and private CS rates over nine
consecutive financial years depicting greater CS rates in private sector
facilities than those in public sector facilities contributing to a
total rise in the CS rates. All rates above 19% cesarean sections per
100 live births are considered excess while those below 10% are
considered inadequate (black dotted lines). b) State-wise total, public,
and private CS rates for 2019-20. Most states cross the excess threshold
with private CS rates being excess in all states except Bihar. The
public sector has inadequate (<10%) CS rates in six states.
c) Geographic variations and patterns of clustering in total CS rates
across 737 districts in 2019-20. d) Public-private comparison for CS
rates across districts depicts statistically significant differences.