Seasonal wind stress direction influences source and properties of
inflow to the Salish Sea and Columbia River estuary
Abstract
Estuaries in the northern California current system (NCCS) experience
seasonally reversing wind stress, which is expected to impact the origin
and properties of shelf water which enters NCCS estuaries (’shelf
inflow’). Wind stress has been shown to affect the source of shelf
inflow by driving alongshelf currents. However, the effects of
wind-driven Ekman dynamics and shelf currents from larger-scale forcing
on shelf inflow have yet to be explored. Variations in shelf inflow to
the Salish Sea and the Columbia River estuary, two large NCCS estuarine
systems, were studied using a realistic hydrodynamic model. The paths
and source of shelf water were identified using particles released on
the shelf. Particles were released every two weeks of 2017 and tracked
for sixty days. Shelf inflow was identified as particles that crossed
the estuary mouths. Mean wind stress during each release was compared
with initial horizontal and vertical positions and physical properties
of shelf inflow particles. For both the Salish Sea and the Columbia
River estuary, upwelling-favorable wind stress was correlated with a
shelf inflow source north of the estuary mouth. Depth was not correlated
with wind stress for either estuary, but relative depth (depth scaled by
isobath) increased during upwelling-favorable winds for both. Properties
of inflow changed from cold and fresh during upwelling to warm and salty
during downwelling, reflecting seasonal changes in NCCS shelf waters.
These results may be extended to predict the source and properties of
shelf inflow to estuaries in other regions with known wind or shelf
current patterns.