Seasonal wind stress direction influences source and properties of
inflow to the Salish Sea and Columbia River estuary
Abstract
Estuaries in the northern California current system (NCCS) experience
seasonally reversing wind stress which is expected to impact the origin
and properties of inflowing ocean water. Wind stress has been shown to
affect the source of estuarine inflow by driving alongshelf currents.
However, the effects of vertical transport by wind-driven Ekman dynamics
and other shelf and slope currents on inflow have yet to be explored.
Variations in inflow to two NCCS estuarine systems, the Salish Sea and
the Columbia River estuary, were studied using particle tracking in a
hydrodynamic model. Particles were released in a grid extending two
degrees of latitude north and south of each estuary every two weeks of
2017 and tracked for sixty days. Inflow was identified as particles that
crossed the estuary mouths. Wind stress was compared with initial
horizontal and vertical positions and physical properties of shelf
inflow particles. Inflow to the Salish Sea came from Vancouver Island
and Washington slope water upwelled through canyons during
upwelling-favorable wind stress, and from Washington slope water or
Columbia River plume water during downwelling-favorable wind stress.
Inflow to the Columbia River estuary came from Washington shelf bottom
water during upwelling-favorable wind stress and Oregon shelf surface
water during downwelling-favorable wind stress. For both estuaries,
upwelling-favorable wind stress direction was significantly correlated
with a denser and deeper shelf inflow source north of the estuary mouth.
These results may help predict the source and properties of inflow to
estuaries in other regions with known wind or shelf current patterns.