Fig. 2 Keywords burstiness and cluster analysis
Notes: (A) Height of each peak represents the frequency of occurrence of a stated keyword within two years. Different keywords are labelled with different colour. (B) Cluster labels represent the focus themes of each cluster.
One of the most striking information reflected from this visualization is that molecular detection for food safety and increasing application of newly developed immunoassay technology has become the new research trends in recent five years.

3.3 Country and Institution Analysis

A total of 112 countries participated in the study of antibody mimetics (Fig. 3A). Collaborations among countries were relatively small as the centrality of all countries are less than 1.00, and most of which were established after 2007. There were no regular patterns relating to the geographical locations of different countries in this study. The top five countries which have strong networking with others were Brazil, Peru, Netherland, Iraq, and Egypt (centrality value of 0.70, 0.66, 0.53, 0.48, and 0.45). USA, Italy, Japan, Canada, UK, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and France contributed to the emergence of antibody engineering with the earliest publications averaging between 1990 and 1993. And the number of publications in all these countries has remained consistently high over the past 36 years. Interestingly, collaborations among these leading countries were extremely rare with few links established between nodes. China, USA, Germany, Japan, South Korea were the most productive countries with the highest publication number of 9615, 5811, 1192, 1103, and 1044, respectively.
A total of 921 links are established between 953 institutions which involved in the study of antibody mimetics, interestingly, collaborations among institutions within the same country were much more intensive than international collaboration (Fig. 3B). In addition, compared with country analysis, the proportion of the leading institutions with full colour spectrum was much lower, many institutions like Harvard University reduced their research in recent five years. The top five institutions with the highest publication number were all in China, and many newly emerging institutions were also found in China. The top five institutions with the greatest paper citation number are Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK contributing to phage display technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA on protein engineering and the design of novel scaffolds, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-W for development of artificial binding proteins based on non-antibody scaffolds and their applications in biotechnology and medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA on synthetic small molecules and peptidomimetics for the modulation of protein-protein interactions and therapeutic applications and Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India based on novel scaffolds such as spider silk.