Abstract
Antarctic ice core records suggest that atmospheric CO2 increased by 15
to 20 ppm during Heinrich stadials (HS). These periods of abrupt CO2
increase are associated with a significant weakening of the Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and a warming at high
southern latitudes. As such, modelling studies have explored the link
between changes in AMOC, high southern latitude climate and atmospheric
CO2. While proxy records suggest that the aeolian iron input to the
Southern Ocean decreased significantly during HS, the potential impact
on CO2 of reduced iron input combined with oceanic circulation changes
has not been studied in detail. Here, we quantify the respective and
combined impacts of reduced iron fertilisation and AMOC weakening on CO2
by performing numerical experiments with an Earth system model under
boundary conditions representing 40,000 years before present (ka). Our
study indicates that reduced iron input can contribute up to 6 ppm rise
in CO2 during an idealized Heinrich stadial. This is caused by a 5%
reduction in nutrient utilisation in the Southern Ocean, leading to
reduced export production and increased carbon outgassing from the
Southern Ocean. An AMOC weakening under 40ka conditions and without
changes in surface winds leads to a ~0.5 ppm CO2
increase. The combined impact of AMOC shutdown and weakened iron
fertilisation is almost linear, leading to a total CO2 increase of 7
ppm. Therefore, this study highlights the need of including changes in
aeolian iron input when studying the processes leading to changes in
atmospheric CO2 concentration during HS.