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\begin{document}

\title{The spotted parrotfish genome provides evolutionary insight into the
ecological adaptation of a keystone dietary specialist}



\author[1]{Yi-Kai Tea}%
\author[2]{Yulu Zhou}%
\author[1]{Kyle Ewart }%
\author[2]{Guo Cheng}%
\author[3]{Kazuhiko Kawasaki}%
\author[4]{Joseph Dibattista}%
\author[1]{Simon Ho}%
\author[1]{Nathan Lo}%
\author[2]{Shaohua Fan}%
\affil[1]{University of Sydney}%
\affil[2]{Fudan University}%
\affil[3]{The Pennsylvania State University Department of Anthropology}%
\affil[4]{Australian Museum Research Institute}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Adaptive radiation as a result of ecological opportunity can have
profound effects on the evolutionary outcome of species. On coral reefs,
parrotfishes have been considered as one of the most dramatic examples
of adaptive radiation unique in their extreme dietary specialisation.
Using abrasion-resistant biomineralized teeth, parrotfishes are able to
mechanically extract protein-rich micro-photoautotrophs growing in and
amongst reef carbonate material. This unique ability to exploit a
previously untapped trophic resource is thought to have led to the early
diversification of the parrotfishes. In order to better understand the
key evolutionary innovations leading to the success of these dietary
specialists, we sequenced and analysed the genome of the spotted
parrotfish (Cetoscarus ocellatus). Our findings reveal significant
expansion, selection, and duplication within several gene families
responsible for detoxification, including the cytochrome p450 gene
family and non-cyp450 carboxylesterases. We find preliminary evidence
that the structural mechanism responsible for the extreme hardness and
biomineralization of parrotfish teeth may be a result of poly-glutamine
expansion in the enamel protein ameloblastin. We also detect expansion
and selection for several genes related to pigmentation and sequential
hermaphroditism. Together, these results highlight a potentially complex
interplay of adaptive radiation and sexual selection operating on coral
reef ecosystems.%
\end{abstract}%



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