3. Conclusions
Laccase enzymes are outstanding green versatile sustainable biocatalysts that can be applied in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes. However, laccase research has mostly been carried out on laboratory scale and under controlled conditions which does not reflect the conditions encountered in industrial settings. Low productivity, low stability and limited reusability are the main issues that challenge the production and application of laccase enzymes on an industrial scale. Past research focused on increasing laccase production by different methods and enhancing its stability, resilience and reusability by immobilisation. However, there still exist concerns about the cost-effectiveness of the developed approaches what makes their industrial feasibility questionable. Briefly, the following gaps in laccase research have to be considered in future studies: techno-economic analyses, large scale studies and laccase application under industrial conditions. It is expected that laccase technology can compete economically with the existing ones and provide a green and sustainable wastewater treatment.