Reactor type Advantages Drawbacks
Stirred tank
Good homogenisation Simple operation Difficult to scale-up Laccase inactivation due to shear forces
Fixed bed
Decrease of shear forces Easy to scale up Low operational cost Charge losses Preferential channels Diffusion limitations Risk of bed clogging
Fluidised bed
Decrease of charge losses Good homogenization Diffusion limitations Higher shear forces than fixed-bed Energy expenditure for bed fluidisation
Membrane
Stabilization of the enzyme if immobilised on/in the membrane Good contact between the enzyme and the substrate Washing loss of enzymes is reduced Easy to scale up Costly Membrane fouling