Values expressed were mean ± standard deviation in triplicate. WHC and
OHC: water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, respectively; FC
and FS: foaming capacity and foaming stability, respectively; EC and ES:
emulsifying capacity and emulsifying stability, respectively; R:
roasting; S: steaming.
Means in the column with different superscript were significantly
different at P < 0.05 according to Tukey’s test.