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Impacts of Weak Sea Surface Temperature Warm Anomalies on Trade Wind Cloudiness in Large Eddy Simulations
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  • Xuanyu Chen,
  • Juliana Dias,
  • Brandon Wolding,
  • Peter N. Blossey,
  • Charlotte A. DeMott,
  • Robert Pincus,
  • Elizabeth J Thompson
Xuanyu Chen
University of Colorado Boulder

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Juliana Dias
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory
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Brandon Wolding
NOAA CIRES
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Peter N. Blossey
University of Washington
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Charlotte A. DeMott
Colorado State University
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Robert Pincus
Columbia University
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Elizabeth J Thompson
NOAA Earth System Research Lab
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Abstract

This study investigates the impact of weak sea surface temperature (SST) warm anomalies on trade cumulus cloudiness in an idealized and ensemble framework with large-eddy simulations. The control experiment uses a spatially uniform, time-invariant SST and mean large-scale conditions and atmospheric forcings derived from the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC). The perturbed experiment adds a Gaussian warm SST anomaly (SSTA) with a 12.5 km radius and 0.5 K magnitude. The ensemble-averaged differences between perturbation and control experiments show that cloud fraction is enhanced over the downwind half of the prescribed warm SSTA, with the enhancement peaking slightly above the environmental lifting condensation level (LCL) and then decaying with height. Furthermore, the low-level cloud response (<1 km) to the warm SSTA is stronger and occurs more systematically across different ensemble members. This near-LCL cloud response is driven by enhanced surface buoyancy flux and turbulence over the warm SSTA as opposed to SSTA-induced anomalous surface convergence and mesoscale upward motions. Process denial experiments indicate that the locally enhanced surface sensible and latent heat fluxes contribute almost equally to increase the near-LCL cloudiness, even though the locally enhanced surface sensible heat flux plays a dominant role in enhancing surface buoyancy flux. These results corroborate recent satellite composite results (Chen et al., 2023), suggesting that the observed increase of daily cloud fraction above warm SSTAs is due to more frequent turbulence-driven formation of shallow cumuli near the cloud base.
22 Oct 2024Submitted to ESS Open Archive
23 Oct 2024Published in ESS Open Archive