Impacts of Weak Sea Surface Temperature Warm Anomalies on Trade Wind
Cloudiness in Large Eddy Simulations
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of weak sea surface temperature (SST)
warm anomalies on trade cumulus cloudiness in an idealized and ensemble
framework with large-eddy simulations. The control experiment uses a
spatially uniform, time-invariant SST and mean large-scale conditions
and atmospheric forcings derived from the Atlantic Tradewind
Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC). The perturbed
experiment adds a Gaussian warm SST anomaly (SSTA) with a 12.5 km radius
and 0.5 K magnitude. The ensemble-averaged differences between
perturbation and control experiments show that cloud fraction is
enhanced over the downwind half of the prescribed warm SSTA, with the
enhancement peaking slightly above the environmental lifting
condensation level (LCL) and then decaying with height. Furthermore, the
low-level cloud response (<1 km) to the warm SSTA is stronger
and occurs more systematically across different ensemble members. This
near-LCL cloud response is driven by enhanced surface buoyancy flux and
turbulence over the warm SSTA as opposed to SSTA-induced anomalous
surface convergence and mesoscale upward motions. Process denial
experiments indicate that the locally enhanced surface sensible and
latent heat fluxes contribute almost equally to increase the near-LCL
cloudiness, even though the locally enhanced surface sensible heat flux
plays a dominant role in enhancing surface buoyancy flux. These results
corroborate recent satellite composite results (Chen et al., 2023),
suggesting that the observed increase of daily cloud fraction above warm
SSTAs is due to more frequent turbulence-driven formation of shallow
cumuli near the cloud base.