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\begin{document}

\title{Presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater in the Kingdom of Bahrain
during the COVID-19 pandemic}



\author[1]{Afaf Mohamed}%
\author[2]{Ebrahim  Matar}%
\author[3]{Hasan Isa}%
\author[4]{Ahmed Moosa}%
\author[1]{Wafa Hasan}%
\author[1]{Adel AlSayyad}%
\author[1]{Amjad Mohamed}%
\author[1]{Maryam  Sanad}%
\author[1]{Maryam Alhajeri}%
\author[5]{Najat  Abulfateh}%
\author[6]{Qassim Aloraibi}%
\affil[1]{Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Health}%
\affil[2]{Eastern Health Cluster}%
\affil[3]{Salmaniya Medical Complex}%
\affil[4]{Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine}%
\affil[5]{Almalaki hospital }%
\affil[6]{Bahrain Ministry of Works Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning Agriculture and Marine Resources Affairs}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Background: Several countries, including Bahrain, used Wastewater
surveillance for disease activity monitoring. This study aimed to
determine the presence of SARS-COV-2 in untreated wastewater and to
correlate it with the disease spread. Methods: A retrospective review
was conducted for all wastewater samples tested for SARS-CoV-2 in public
health laboratories from October 2020 to October 2022. Samples were
collected weekly between February and October 2022 from different areas
across Bahrain. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to
test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and the results were
correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in the same area. Results:
Of a total of 387 wastewater samples, 103 (26.6\%) samples tested
positive for SARS-CoV-2. In late 2020, of 42 samples collected
initially, 4 (9.5\%) samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the 4
locations that hosted COVID-19 isolation facilities. Between February
and October 2022, 345 specimens of wastewater were tested, and 99
(28.7\%) were positive. The highest detection rate was in February,
June, and July (60\%, 45\%, and 43\%, respectively), which corresponded
to COVID-19 peaks during 2022, and the lowest detection rate was in
August and September (11\% and 0\%, respectively), corresponding to the
low number of COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: The detection rate of
SARS-COV-2 in wastewater samples from Bahrain was high and was
significantly correlated with the number of reported COVID-19 cases.
Wastewater surveillance can aid the existing surveillance system in
monitoring SARS-CoV-2 spread.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`Table 1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/617114/articles/642730-presence-of-sars-cov-2-virus-in-wastewater-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain-during-the-covid-19-pandemic}

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\verb`Table 2.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/617114/articles/642730-presence-of-sars-cov-2-virus-in-wastewater-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain-during-the-covid-19-pandemic}

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\verb`Figure_2.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/617114/articles/642730-presence-of-sars-cov-2-virus-in-wastewater-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain-during-the-covid-19-pandemic}

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\verb`Table_3.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/617114/articles/642730-presence-of-sars-cov-2-virus-in-wastewater-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain-during-the-covid-19-pandemic}

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