Southern Ocean low cloud and precipitation phase observed during the
Macquarie Island Cloud and Radiation Experiment (MICRE)
Abstract
Shallow cloud decks residing in or near the boundary layer cover a large
fraction of the Southern Ocean (SO) and play a major role in determining
the amount of shortwave radiation reflected back to space from this
region. In this article, we examine the macrophysical characteristics
and thermodynamic phase of low clouds (tops < 3 km) and
precipitation using ground-based ceilometer, depolarization lidar and
vertically-pointing W-band radar measurements collected during the
Macquarie Island Cloud and Radiation Experiment (MICRE) from April
2016-March 2017. During MICRE, low clouds occurred ~65%
of the time on average (slightly more often in austral winter than
summer). About 2/3 of low clouds were cold-topped (temperatures
< 0°C); these were thicker and had higher bases on average
than warm-topped clouds. 83-88% of cold-topped low clouds were liquid
phase at cloud base (depending on the season). The majority of low
clouds had precipitation in the vertical range 150 to 250 meters below
cloud base, a significant fraction of which did not reach the surface.
Phase characterization is limited to the period between April 2016 and
November 2016. Small-particle (low-radar-reflectivity) precipitation
(which dominates precipitation occurrence) was mostly liquid
below-cloud, while large-particle precipitation (which dominates total
accumulation) was predominantly mixed/ambiguous or ice phase.
Approximately 40% of cold-topped clouds had mixed/ambiguous or ice
phase precipitation below (with predominantly liquid phase cloud
droplets at cloud base). Below-cloud precipitation with radar
reflectivity factors below about -10 dBZ were predominantly liquid,
while reflectivity factors above about 0 dBZ were predominantly ice.