Silica-bearing Mounds and Strata in the Southwest Melas Basin, Valles
Marineris, Mars: Evidence for a Hydrothermal Origin
Abstract
A small basin on the southwest margin of Melas Chasma in Valles
Marineris, Mars, hosts a variety of previously identified sedimentary
fans and layered strata hypothesized to have been formed by one or more
paleolakes. This basin also contains light-toned layered mounds that
have distinct spectral absorption bands consistent with amorphous
hydrated silica (e.g., opal). While the general morphology and
mineralogy of these features and the basin itself has been previously
characterized, the formation mechanism of the hydrated silica features
and their temporal relationships with the proposed paleolake remains to
be determined. We use Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for
Mars (CRISM) visible through short-wave infrared reflectance spectra
(0.35-2.65 µm) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment(HiRISE)
digital terrain models and images to analyze the stratigraphic location
and morphology of the opaline silica-bearing features in the Southwest
Melas basin. We find that the basin hosts fourteen high-relief ‘mounds’,
eight low-relief ‘patches’, and two extended layers within the
sedimentary strata that are light-toned, fractured, and often exhibit
hydrated silica-like spectral signatures. We hypothesize that the mounds
are spring deposits formed by sub-aerial hydrothermal activitiy, while
the patches and layers correspond to sub-lacustrine hydrothermal
activity. The varied stratigraphic elevations of the mounds and patches
indicate at least one fluctuation of lake level in the basin during its
history. The combination of contemporaneous hydrothermal and lacustrine
activity to form silica-cemented lacustrine deposits in a nutrient-rich
subaqueous environment would have been conducive to forming and
preserving signs of biological activity in the Southwest Melas basin.