Questionnaires
Four questionnaires were used to measure participants’ underlying
psychopathological traits. Depression levels were assessed with the
second edition of Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck et al.,
1961). BDI-II contains 21 items, each corresponds to a symptom of
depression and measured in a four-point-scale (0-3). Anxiety levels were
measured with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1970)
which contains 20 items measuring state anxiety (STAI-S) and 20 items
measuring trait anxiety (STAI-T). The items are measured in a four-point
scale (1 = Not at all/ Almost never , 4 = Very much
so/Almost always ). Intolerance of uncertainty was measured with the
Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Buhr & Dugas, 2002) which is a
27-item scale that measures the dispositional tendency to find uncertain
situations aversive and anxiety provoking (Morriss et al., 2016). IUS’
items are measured in a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = not at all
characteristic of me – 5 = entirely characteristic of me . Social
anxiety levels were measured with Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS;
Liebowitz, 1987) which includes 24 items, each assessing both fear or
anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The items are measured in a 4-point
scale ranging from 0 = non/never to 4 = severe/usually .