Autumn-winter survival

The best model explaining variation in the survival probability of calves during autumn-winter included the following covariates: wolf presence, snow depth, the interaction wolf*snow , proportion of young forests, and the migratory strategy of the mother (Table 2 in Supplementary Materials). Calf mortality did not vary between years: 37%, 36% and 30% of all calves died during autumn-winters 2019/20, 2020/21 and 2021/22, respectively (Table 1).