Wall Fracturing versus Mechanical Instability as Competing Intrusion
Mechanisms of Dikes: Insights from Laboratory Experiments
Abstract
Igneous dike intrusion is a primary crust-forming process at the Earth’s
plate boundaries. Understanding its mechanism is thus crucially
important in lithospheric studies. Our present article combines
experimental and field observations to investigate the problem of dike
emplacement from a mechanical perspective. We performed scaled
laboratory experiments by injecting immiscible liquids into
visco-elastic and visco-elasto-plastic host materials at varying
volumetric flow rates (VFR = 0.100 ml/sec to 1.670 ml/sec). Another set
of experiments used different injecting liquid–host combinations to set
their viscosity ratios (η*) at low (105), moderate (106), and (iii) high
(109) values. These two lines of experiments allow us to recognize three
principal mechanisms of liquid pathways: 1) tensile fracturing of the
host, 2) wave instability at the liquid-host interface and coupled
fracturing-wave instability process. The three mechanisms give rise to a
wide variation in intrusion geometry, ranging from planar structures
with elliptical outlines to typical bulbous geometry, with intermediate
patterns characterized by in-plane and off-plane wavy interfaces with
the host. We use the experimental data to constrain the VFR conditions
that determine the fracturing versus wave instability-controlled
mechanisms. It is also shown from the experiments that η* can
significantly influence the evolution of three-dimensional intrusive
geometry. The Chotonagpur Granite Gneiss Complex in eastern India is
chosen as our study area to validate our laboratory findings using a 2D
shape analysis of the intrusive boundaries in terms of their fractal
dimensions (D) and skewness-kurtosis estimates.