Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) which is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded, RNA flavivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It is imperative to note that JE can cause severe inflammation of the brain, leading to long-term neurological complications or even death in some cases. JE vaccine provides a crucial defense against this potentially fatal disease. Given the high prevalence of JE in Bangladesh, widespread vaccination campaigns and public health initiatives are necessary to promote awareness and ensure that individuals at risk receive the vaccine. The commentary emphasizes on how crucial it is that individuals who are at risk of JE infection receive the vaccine through nation wide immunization campaign in Bangladesh.

Malawi’s deadliest cholera outbreak in two decades has killed over 643 people as the illness spread across the country’s entire southeastern region. According to estimates, roughly one-third of Malawi’s safe water sources are inoperable. According to reports, all shallow wells in Malawi, particularly those near oceans that frequently rain, are tainted with feces. Cholera detection relies mainly on the clinical identification of cases presenting with watery diarrhea with a confirmed positive culture test or a positive polymerase chain reaction. There are three oral cholera vaccines as follows; Dukoral ®, Shanchol TM, and Euvichol-Plus ® which are administered in two doses.