A generalized Townsend's theory for Paschen curves in planar,
cylindrical, and spherical geometries in planetary atmospheres
Abstract
In this work, we focus on plasma discharges produced between two
electrodes with a high potential difference, resulting in the ionization
of the neutral particles supporting a current in the gaseous medium. At
low currents and low temperatures, this process can create luminescent
emissions: the glow and corona discharges. The parallel plate geometry
used in Townsend’s (1900) theory lets us develop a theoretical
formalism, with explicit solutions for the critical voltage effectively
reproducing experimental Paschen curves. However, most discharge
processes occur in non-parallel plate geometries, such as discharges
between grains or ice particles in multiphase flows. Here, we propose a
generalization of the classic parallel plate configurations to
concentric spherical and coaxial cylindrical geometries in Earth, Mars,
Titan, and Venus atmospheres. In a spherical case, a small radius
effectively represents a sharp tip rod, while larger, centimeter-scale
radii represent blunted tips. Similarly, in a cylindrical case, a small
radius corresponds to a thin wire. We solve continuity equations in the
gap and estimate a critical radius and minimum breakdown voltage that
allows ionization of neutral gas and formation of a glow discharge. We
show that glow coronæ form more easily in Mars’s low-pressure, CO2-rich
atmosphere than in Earth’s high-pressure atmosphere. Addition- ally, we
present breakdown criteria for Titan and Venus. We further demonstrate
that critical voltage minima occur at 0.5 cm·Torr for all three
investigated geometries, suggesting easier initiation around
millimeter-size particles in dust and water clouds and could be readily
extended to examine other multiphase flows with inertial particles.