Benefits of Fully Focused SAR Altimetry to Coastal Wave Height
Estimates: A Case Study in the North Sea
Abstract
Estimating the three geophysical variables significant wave height
(SWH), sea surface height, and wind speed from satellite altimetry
continues to be challenging in the coastal zone because the received
radar echoes exhibit significant interference from strongly reflective
targets such as mud banks, sheltered bays, ships etc. Fully focused SAR
(FF-SAR) processing exhibits a theoretical along-track resolution of up
to less than half a metre. This suggests that the application of FF-SAR
altimetry might give potential gains over unfocused SAR (UF-SAR)
altimetry to resolve and mitigate small-scale interferers in the
along-track direction to improve the accuracy and precision of the
geophysical estimates. The objective of this study is to assess the
applicability of FF-SAR-processed Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich (S6-MF)
coastal altimetry data to obtain SWH estimates as close as possible to
the coast. We have developed a multi-mission FF-SAR processor and
applied the coastal retracking algorithm CORALv2 to estimate SWH. We
assess different FF-SAR and UF-SAR processing configurations, as well as
the baseline Level-2 product from EUMETSAT, by comparison with the
coastal, high-resolution SWAN-Kuststrook wave model from the Deltares
RWsOS North Sea operational forecasting system. This includes the
evaluation of the correlation, the median offset, and the percentage of
cycles with high correlation as a function of distance to the nearest
coastline. Moreover, we analyse the number of valid records and the L2
noise of the records. The case study comprises five coastal crossings of
S6-MF that are located along the Dutch coast and the German coast along
the East Frisian Islands in the North Sea. We find that the
FF-SAR-processed dataset with a Level-1b posting rate of 140 Hz shows
the greatest similarity with the wave model. We achieve a correlation of
~0.8 at 80% of valid records and a gain in precision of
up to 29% of FF-SAR vs UF-SAR for 1-3 km from the coast. FF-SAR shows,
for all cycles, a high correlation of greater than or equal to 0.8 for
1-3 km from the coast. We estimate the decay of SWH from offshore at 30
km to up to 1 km from the coast to amount to 26.4% +- 3.1%.