Abstract
Land-atmosphere interactions are central to the evolution of the
atmospheric boundary layer and the subsequent formation of clouds and
precipitation. Existing global climate models represent these
connections with bulk approximations on coarse spatial scales, but
observations suggest that small-scale variations in surface
characteristics and co-located turbulent and momentum fluxes can
significantly impact the atmosphere. Recent model development efforts
have attempted to capture this phenomenon by coupling existing
representations of subgrid-scale (SGS) heterogeneity between land and
atmosphere models. Such approaches are in their infancy and it is not
yet clear if they can produce a realistic atmospheric response to
surface heterogeneity. Here, we implement a parameterization to capture
the effects of SGS heterogeneity in the Community Earth System Model
(CESM2), and compare single-column simulations against high-resolution
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) large-eddy simulations (LESs),
which we use as a proxy for observations. The CESM2 experiments increase
the temperature and humidity variances in the lowest atmospheric levels,
but the response is weaker than in WRF-LES. In part, this is attributed
to an underestimate of surface heterogeneity in the land model due to a
lack of SGS meteorology, a separation between deep and shallow
convection schemes in the atmosphere, and a lack of explicitly
represented mesoscale secondary circulations. These results highlight
the complex processes involved in capturing the effects of SGS
heterogeneity and suggest the need for parameterizations that
communicate their influence not only at the surface but also vertically.