References
1. Wright MFA, Wallis C. Investigation and management of the long-term
ventilated premature infant. Early Hum Dev . Nov 2018;126:10-17.
doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.015
2. Ralser E, Mueller W, Haberland C, et al. Rehospitalization in the
first 2 years of life in children born preterm. Acta Paediatr .
Jan 2012;101(1):e1-5. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02404.x
3. Akangire G, Taylor JB, McAnany S, et al. Respiratory, growth, and
survival outcomes of infants with tracheostomy and ventilator
dependence. Pediatr Res . Aug 2021;90(2):381-389.
doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01183-x
4. Watters K, O’Neill M, Zhu H, Graham RJ, Hall M, Berry J. Two-year
mortality, complications, and healthcare use in children with medicaid
following tracheostomy. Laryngoscope . Nov 2016;126(11):2611-2617.
doi:10.1002/lary.25972
5. Tracy MK, Berkelhamer SK. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary
Outcomes of Prematurity. Pediatr Ann . Apr 1 2019;48(4):e148-e153.
doi:10.3928/19382359-20190325-03
6. Cristea AI, Carroll AE, Davis SD, Swigonski NL, Ackerman VL. Outcomes
of children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia who were ventilator
dependent at home. Pediatrics . Sep 2013;132(3):e727-34.
doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2990
7. Overman AE, Liu M, Kurachek SC, et al. Tracheostomy for infants
requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: 10 years’ experience.Pediatrics . May 2013;131(5):e1491-6. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1943
8. Edwards JD, Kun SS, Keens TG. Outcomes and causes of death in
children on home mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy: an
institutional and literature review. J Pediatr . Dec
2010;157(6):955-959 e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.012
9. Akangire G, Manimtim W. Tracheostomy in infants with severe
bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A review. Front Pediatr .
2022;10:1066367. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.1066367
10. Watters KF. Tracheostomy in Infants and Children. Respir
Care . Jun 2017;62(6):799-825. doi:10.4187/respcare.05366
11. Akangire G, Lachica C, Noel-MacDonnell J, et al. Outcomes of infants
with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia who received tracheostomy and
home ventilation. Pediatr Pulmonol . Mar 2023;58(3):753-762.
doi:10.1002/ppul.26248
12. House M, Nathan A, Bhuiyan MAN, Ahlfeld SK. Morbidity and
respiratory outcomes in infants requiring tracheostomy for severe
bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol . Aug
2021;56(8):2589-2596. doi:10.1002/ppul.25455
13. Russell CJ, Simon TD, Mamey MR, Newth CJL, Neely MN. Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and post-tracheotomy bacterial respiratory tract infection
readmissions. Pediatr Pulmonol . Sep 2017;52(9):1212-1218.
doi:10.1002/ppul.23716
14. Konstan MW, Morgan WJ, Butler SM, et al. Risk factors for rate of
decline in forced expiratory volume in one second in children and
adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr . Aug
2007;151(2):134-9, 139.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.03.006
15. Blanchard AC, Waters VJ. Microbiology of Cystic Fibrosis Airway
Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med . Dec 2019;40(6):727-736.
doi:10.1055/s-0039-1698464
16. Razvi S, Quittell L, Sewall A, Quinton H, Marshall B, Saiman L.
Respiratory microbiology of patients with cystic fibrosis in the United
States, 1995 to 2005. Chest . Dec 2009;136(6):1554-1560.
doi:10.1378/chest.09-0132
17. Sanders DB, Bittner RC, Rosenfeld M, Redding GJ, Goss CH. Pulmonary
exacerbations are associated with subsequent FEV1 decline in both adults
and children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol . Apr
2011;46(4):393-400. doi:10.1002/ppul.21374
18. Amadori A, Antonelli A, Balteri I, Schreiber A, Bugiani M, De Rose
V. Recurrent exacerbations affect FEV(1) decline in adult patients with
cystic fibrosis. Respir Med . Mar 2009;103(3):407-13.
doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.09.024
19. Sanders CD, Guimbellot JS, Muhlebach MS, Lin FC, Gilligan P, Esther
CR, Jr. Tracheostomy in children: Epidemiology and clinical outcomes.Pediatr Pulmonol . Sep 2018;53(9):1269-1275.
doi:10.1002/ppul.24071
20. Russell CJ, Simon TD, Neely MN. Development of Chronic Pseudomonas
aeruginosa-Positive Respiratory Cultures in Children with Tracheostomy.Lung . Dec 2019;197(6):811-817. doi:10.1007/s00408-019-00285-6
21. Steuart R, Ale GB, Woolums A, et al. Respiratory culture organism
isolation and test characteristics in children with tracheostomies with
and without acute respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol . Feb 7
2023;doi:10.1002/ppul.26349
22. Feudtner C, Feinstein JA, Zhong W, Hall M, Dai D. Pediatric complex
chronic conditions classification system version 2: updated for ICD-10
and complex medical technology dependence and transplantation. BMC
pediatrics . 2014;14:199. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-199
23. Lewis TR, Kielt MJ, Walker VP, et al. Association of Racial
Disparities With In-Hospital Outcomes in Severe Bronchopulmonary
Dysplasia. JAMA pediatrics . Sep 1 2022;176(9):852-859.
doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2663
24. Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing.MSOR connections . 2014;1
25. Sanders DB, Bittner RC, Rosenfeld M, Hoffman LR, Redding GJ, Goss
CH. Failure to recover to baseline pulmonary function after cystic
fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . Sep 1
2010;182(5):627-32. doi:10.1164/rccm.200909-1421OC
26. Sanders DB, Hoffman LR, Emerson J, et al. Return of FEV1 after
pulmonary exacerbation in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr
Pulmonol . Feb 2010;45(2):127-34. doi:10.1002/ppul.21117
27. de Boer K, Vandemheen KL, Tullis E, et al. Exacerbation frequency
and clinical outcomes in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.Thorax . Aug 2011;66(8):680-5. doi:10.1136/thx.2011.161117
28. Ritchie AI, Wedzicha JA. Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and
Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations.Clin Chest Med . Sep 2020;41(3):421-438.
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.007
29. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause
and prevention. Lancet . Sep 1 2007;370(9589):786-96.
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61382-8
30. Dang X, Kang Y, Wang X, et al. Frequent exacerbators of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease have distinguishable sputum microbiome
signatures during clinical stability. Front Microbiol .
2022;13:1037037. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037037
31. Maddux AB, Mourani PM, Miller K, et al. Identifying Long-Term
Morbidities and Health Trajectories After Prolonged Mechanical
Ventilation in Children Using State All Payer Claims Data.Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of
Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive
and Critical Care Societies . Apr 1 2022;23(4):e189-e198.
doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000002909
32. Kompare M, Weinberger M. Protracted bacterial bronchitis in young
children: association with airway malacia. J Pediatr . Jan
2012;160(1):88-92. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.049
33. de Vries JJV, Chang AB, Marchant JM. Comparison of bronchoscopy and
bronchoalveolar lavage findings in three types of suppurative lung
disease. Pediatr Pulmonol . Apr 2018;53(4):467-474.
doi:10.1002/ppul.23952
34. Teplitzky TB, Kou YF, Bozkanat KM, Johnson RF, Chorney SR.
Pathogenic bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage cultures and pediatric
laryngotracheal reconstruction outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol . Jan 31
2023;doi:10.1002/ppul.26338
35. Fujitani S, Sun HY, Yu VL, Weingarten JA. Pneumonia due to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: part I: epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and
source. Chest . Apr 2011;139(4):909-919. doi:10.1378/chest.10-0166
36. Metersky ML, Frei CR, Mortensen EM. Predictors of Pseudomonas and
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients
with healthcare-associated pneumonia. Respirology . Jan
2016;21(1):157-63. doi:10.1111/resp.12651
37. Idigo AJ, Wells JM, Brown ML, et al. Clinical risk factors for
admission with Pseudomonas and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas
community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control .
Jul 14 2022;11(1):95. doi:10.1186/s13756-022-01137-4
38. Tiffany CR, Bäumler AJ. Dysbiosis: from fiction to function.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol . Nov 1
2019;317(5):G602-g608. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00230.2019
39. Hanada S, Pirzadeh M, Carver KY, Deng JC. Respiratory Viral
Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial
Pneumonia. Front Immunol . 2018;9:2640.
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640
40. Gauguet S, D’Ortona S, Ahnger-Pier K, et al. Intestinal Microbiota
of Mice Influences Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia.Infect Immun . Oct 2015;83(10):4003-14. doi:10.1128/iai.00037-15
41. Schuijt TJ, Lankelma JM, Scicluna BP, et al. The gut microbiota
plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal
pneumonia. Gut . Apr 2016;65(4):575-83.
doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309728
42. Niederman MS, Ferranti RD, Zeigler A, Merrill WW, Reynolds HY.
Respiratory infection complicating long-term tracheostomy. The
implication of persistent gram-negative tracheobronchial colonization.Chest . Jan 1984;85(1):39-44.
43. Thorburn K, Jardine M, Taylor N, Reilly N, Sarginson RE, van Saene
HK. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and infection in children with
cerebral palsy requiring mechanical ventilation. Pediatric
critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care
Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical
Care Societies . Mar 2009;10(2):222-6. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819368ac
44. Warniment A, Steuart R, Rodean J, et al. Variation in Bacterial
Respiratory Culture Results in Children With Neurologic Impairment.Hospital pediatrics . Nov 2021;11(11):e326-e333.
doi:10.1542/hpeds.2020-005314
45. Gallego M, Pomares X, Espasa M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
characterization and risk factors. BMC pulmonary medicine . Jun 26
2014;14:103. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-103
46. Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L, Ari A, Bilavsky E, Scheuerman O, Amir J, Prais
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified as a key pathogen in hospitalised
children with aspiration pneumonia and a high aspiration risk.Acta Paediatr . Dec 2016;105(12):e588-e592. doi:10.1111/apa.13523
47. Borgatta B, Lagunes L, Imbiscuso AT, Larrosa MN, Lujàn M, Rello J.
Infections in intensive care unit adult patients harboring
multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implications for prevention
and therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . Jul
2017;36(7):1097-1104. doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2894-3
48. Manuck TA. Racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth: A
complex, multifactorial problem. Semin Perinatol . Dec
2017;41(8):511-518. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.08.010
49. 2022 March of Dimes Report Card . 2022.
https://www.marchofdimes.org/report-card
50. McCaleb R, Warren RH, Willis D, Maples HD, Bai S, O’Brien CE.
Description of Respiratory Microbiology of Children With Long-Term
Tracheostomies. Respir Care . Apr 2016;61(4):447-52.
doi:10.4187/respcare.03518