Unraveling the physics of the Yellowstone magmatic system using
geodynamic simulations
Abstract
The Yellowstone magmatic system is one of the largest magmatic systems
on Earth, and thus an ideal location to study magmatic processes.
Whereas previous seismic tomography results could only image a shallow
magma reservoir, a recent study using more seismometers showed that a
second and massive partially molten mush reservoir exists above the Moho
\citep{huang2015yellowstone}. To understand the
measurable surface response of this system to visco-elasto-plastic
deformation, it is thus important to take the whole system from the
mantle plume up to the shallow magma reservoirs into account. Here, we
employ lithospheric-scale 3D visco-elasto-plastic geodynamic models to
test the influence of parameters such as the connectivity of the
reservoirs and rheology of the lithosphere on the dynamics of the
system. A gravity inversion is used to constrain the effective density
of the magma reservoirs, and an adjoint modelling approach reveals the
key model parameters affecting the surface velocity. Model results show
that a combination of connected reservoirs with plastic rheology can
explain the recorded slow vertical surface uplift rates of around 1.2
cm/yr, as representing a long term background signal. A geodynamic
inversion to fit the model to observed GPS surface velocities reveals
that the magnitude of surface uplift varies strongly with the viscosity
difference between the reservoirs and the crust. Even though stress
directions have not been used as inversion parameters, modelled stress
orientations are consistent with observations. However, phases of larger
uplift velocities can also result from magma reservoir inflation which
is a short term effect. We consider two approaches: 1) overpressure in
the magma reservoir in the asthenosphere and 2) inflation of the
uppermost reservoir prescribed by an internal kinematic boundary
condition. We demonstrate that the asthenosphere inflation has a smaller
effect on the surface velocities in comparison with the uppermost
reservoir inflation. We show that the pure buoyant uplift of magma
bodies in combination with magma reservoir inflation can explain
(varying) observed uplift rates at the example of the Yellowstone
volcanic system.