Experimental Deformation of Unconsolidated Quartz Sands, Examining the
Effects of Grain Sorting on Deformation Band Formation Within Mixed
Aeolian-fluvial Reservoirs
Abstract
Deformation bands are the main structural element of fault damage zones
within sandstone reservoirs. The prediction of band occurrence and their
petrophysical impacts is based largely on the understanding that the
yield and deformation mechanism of sandstones is primarily controlled by
porosity and mean grain size. Whilst this is supported by field
observations within aeolian successions, where bands are predictably
favoured within coarse-grained, high-porosity sandstones, the prediction
of deformation bands within texturally complex mixed aeolian-fluvial
reservoirs on the basis of porosity and grain size alone, may be
unreliable. The effect of grain sorting on the mechanical behaviour of
sandstones is not well understood, although it is generally regarded
that deformation band formation is inhibited in texturally immature
sandstones with a poor level of sorting. We examine the effect of
sorting on both the inelastic yield of sandstones, the dominant
deformation mechanism by which yield occurs, and the textural and
microstructural changes with deformation, using a series of triaxial
experiments on unconsolidated quartz sands. Hydrostatic experiments were
conducted on over-consolidated samples of very well- to
moderately-sorted sands with a range of mean grain sizes from 128-700µm.
We report accurate prediction of P* using porosity x grain radius, with
P* reduced with decreased sorting. Constant displacement rate triaxial
experiments are performed at up to 10% axial strain to explore yield
behaviour in both the brittle dilatant regime and shear-enhanced
compactive regime. Experiments were repeated with systematically varied
grain sorting whilst mean grain size and porosity was maintained. The
textural and petrophysical changes are observed and quantified using
pore volumometry, back scattered electron microscopy, digital image
analysis and point counting. Results show that in well-sorted sands,
localised cataclasis and deformation band formation is the dominant
deformation mechanism. In poorly-sorted sands deformation occurs through
a combination of grain boundary sliding and randomly distributed pockets
of cataclasis. Using grain size analysis we identify greater levels of
cataclasis and production of fines in well-sorted sands, resulting in
permeability reduction up to one order of magnitude more than that of
poorly-sorted sands deformed at the same conditions. We hypothesise that
band formation within poorly sorted sandstones may be promoted by the
formation and propagation of bands in adjacent well sorted sandstones
where band formation is favoured. These results give insight into the
deformation, textural changes, and permeability impact of both
unconsolidated and consolidated siliciclastic reservoirs.