How Topographic Slopes Control Gravity Spreading in Salt-bearing Passive
Margins: Insights from Analogue Modelling
Abstract
Sediment progradation and spreading is a key process during
gravity-driven, thin-skinned deformation in salt-bearing passive
margins. However, to what degree the size and shape of a progradational
sedimentary wedge control gravity-driven deformation is still not clear.
We use analogue modelling to compare two endmember configurations
constrained by critical wedge theory, in which the sediment wedge has
different initial depositional slopes: a 5° critical (stable) slope and
a 27° unstable slope. In both configurations, differential loading
initiates spreading characterized by a basinward migrating system of
linked proximal extension and distal contraction with a translational
domain in between. With a critical frontal slope, the translational
domain expands as the contractional domain migrates forward with viscous
flow evenly distributed. With a steep frontal slope, both extensional
and contractional domains migrate at similar rate due to more localized
viscous flow under the wedge toe producing diagnostic structures of late
extension overprinting early contraction. In both cases, salt flow is
dominated by Poiseuille flow with only a subordinate contribution from
Couette flow, contrasting to classical gravity gliding systems dominated
by Couette flow. Comparison with previous studies reveal similar
structural styles and viscous flow patterns. Our study highlights the
geometric variations of sedimentary wedges result in variable responses
in gravity spreading systems. With a steep frontal slope, the sediment
wedge is more likely to collapse and develop spreading associated
structures. However, such steep slope systems may not be very common in
salt-bearing passive margins as they are less likely to occur in nature.