Megathrust Heterogeneity, Crustal Accretion, and a Topographic Embayment
in the Western Nepal Himalaya: Insights from the Inversion of
Thermochronological Data
Abstract
Between 81º30’ E and 83ºE the Himalayan range’s “perfect” arcuate
shape is interrupted by an embayment. We hypothesize that thrust
geometry and duplexing along the megathrust at mid-lower crustal depths
plays a leading role in growth of the embayment as well the southern
margin of the Tibetan plateau. To test this hypothesis, we conducted
thermokinematic modeling of published thermochronologic data from the
topographic and structural embayment in the western Nepal Himalaya to
investigate the three-dimensional geometry and kinematics of the
megathrust at mid-lower crustal depths. Models that can best reproduce
observed cooling ages suggest that the megathrust in the western Nepal
Himalaya is best described as two ramps connected by a long flat that
extends further north than in segments to the east and west. These
models suggest that the high-slope zone along the embayment lies above
the foreland limb of an antiformal crustal accretion zone on the
megathrust with lateral and oblique ramps at mid-lower crustal depths.
The lateral and oblique ramps may have initiated by ca. 10 Ma. This
process may have controlled along-strike variation in Himalayan-plateau
growth and therefore development of the topographic embayment. Finally,
we analyze geological and morphologic features and propose an evolution
model in which landscape and drainage systems across the central-western
Himalaya evolve in response to crustal accretion at depth and the
three-dimensional geometry of the megathrust. Our work highlights the
importance of crustal accretion at different depths in orogenic-wedge
growth and that the mid-lower crustal accretion determines the location
of plateau edge.