Water network |
Application category |
Reference |
Application |
Location |
Size # Pipes in model /[area
\(\mathbf{k}\mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}\)]
|
Classification by size |
Type |
Deviations
from simple MLP |
Inputs (Number) |
Outputs (Number) |
Computational saving |
Accuracy |
Urban drainage systems
|
Optimisation
|
(Seyedashraf et al., 2021)
|
Design
|
Bogotá, Colombia; Windsor, Canada
|
511 and 122
|
L, M
|
Stormwater - Real cases
|
Generalized regression - 2 hidden layers
|
SUDS characteristics: area, type, and location (20)
|
Boundary condition: Inflow (1)
|
95%
|
Mean error (<0.015)
CC (0.99)
|
|
|
(W. Zhang et al., 2019) |
Design |
Urban catchment in China |
182 |
M |
Stormwater* - Real case |
Ensemble of 100 MLPs |
Tank length and
width (2) |
Flood depth (1) or peak flow (1) |
80 - 90 % |
NSE (Between
0.66 and 0.92 depending on the rainfall scenario) |
|
|
(Raei et al., 2019) |
Design |
Tehran, Iran |
[20 \(km^{2}\)] |
I |
Stormwater* - Real case |
2 hidden layers |
Area sizes of the LID,
Imperviousness and rainfall (3), TSS/BOD build-up (+1), TSS/BOD wash-off
(+1) |
The volume of runoff (1) or BOD (1) or TSS (1) |
Not reported |
NSE (0.99) |
|
|
(Latifi et al., 2019) |
Design |
Tehran, Iran |
[20 \(km^{2}\)] |
I |
Stormwater* - Real case |
|
Rainfall value, 6 build-up
coefficients, 6 wash off coefficients, 6 imperviousness coefficients,
and 32 values for area and type of LIDs (51) |
Runoff volume, BOD, TSS
(3) |
Not reported |
Not mentioned |
|
|
(Huang et al., 2015) |
Design |
Zhong-He district, Taiwan |
[20.29
\(km^{2}\)] |
L |
Stormwater* - Real case |
|
Catchment
precipitation, Full pipe percentage of water flow in 3 points, the
quantity and capacity of rain barrels in four regions (12) |
Water
level/flooding at t + 1 (1) |
Not reported |
MAE (<15%) CC
(>0.94 ~0.97) |
|
Real-time |
(Kim & Han, 2020) |
Flood prediction |
Seoul, Korea |
[3.19 \(km^{2}\) *] |
M |
Stormwater* - Real case |
8 hidden layers |
Total rainfall, Max. Rainfall in 1 - 3 hours, rainfall intensity,
statistics (SD, Skewness, kurtosis), inter-event time (9) |
Total
accumulative overflow (1) |
~99% |
Mean relative errors
between 2% - 62% |
|
|
(Keum et al., 2020) |
Flood prediction |
Seoul, South Korea |
[7.4
\(km^{2}\)] |
M |
Stormwater* - Real case |
ANFIS |
Rainfall(t-1),
Volume (t-1), Building coverage ratio |
Volume (t) |
99%* |
NSE
(0.959)* |
|
|
(Kim et al., 2019) |
Flood prediction |
Gangnam area, Korea |
[7.4
\(km^{2}\)] |
M |
Stormwater* - Real case |
SVNARX and SOFM |
Accumulative rainfall |
Overflow at nodes (103) |
98.50% |
NSE (0.6 -
0.94) |
|
|
(She & You, 2019) |
Outflow prediction |
Tianjin, China |
33 /
[0.1314 \(km^{2}\)] |
S |
Real case with synthetic data |
Radial
Basis function and NARX |
Rainfall intensities (6) |
Drainage outfall
(1) |
Not reported |
SSE (0.273) |
|
|
(Berkhahn et al., 2019) |
Flood prediction |
Anonymous |
1224 and
299 |
L, I |
Stormwater* - Modifications of real cases |
1 - 4 hidden
layers |
Precipitation intensities every 5 minutes (24 for a 2h rain
event) |
The maximum water level at different water cells |
NA |
RMSE
(<0.35 cm) |
|
|
(Chiang et al., 2010) |
Flood prediction |
Yu-Cheng, Taiwan |
[16.45 \(km^{2}\)] |
I |
Stormwater* - Real case |
RNN with 1 hidden
layer, 3 neurons |
Registered water level and precipitation at time t
(4) |
Water level at time t+n (1) |
NA |
NSE (>0.97), CC
(>0.93), NRMSE (<0.26) |
|
LFPB complement |
(Bermúdez et al., 2018) |
Surface flood volume
estimation |
Ghent, Belgium |
6025 / [27.50 \(km^{2}\)] |
L |
85%
Combined - Real case |
Ensemble of ANNs |
Rainfall-runoff volumes
aggregated over 10 and 30 min windows and volume in the underground
system of the closest storage cell (3) |
Presence of flooding (1) and
magnitude (1) |
\(10^{4}\)x faster* |
NSE (~0.9) but
variable |
|
|
(Wolfs & Willems, 2017) |
Sewer water quantity simulation |
Ghent,
Belgium |
6025 / [27.50 \(km^{2}\)] |
L |
85% Combined - Real case |
|
Volumes between two sub-catchments (2) |
Flow (1) |
\(10^{6}\)x
faster* |
NSE (0.95 in average) |
|
|
(Vojinovic et al., 2003) |
Wet weather flow prediction |
Catchment
in Auckland, New Zealand |
[1.07 \(km^{2}\)] |
S |
Combined and
Separated - Real case |
Radial Basis function |
Error, rainfall, model
output (1 - 3) |
Error estimation of flow (1) |
NA |
Improvements of 15
- 26% |