Characteristics of earthquake cycles: a cross-dimensional comparison of
1D to 3D simulations
Abstract
High-resolution computer simulations of earthquake sequences in three or
even two dimensions pose great demands on time and energy, making
lower-cost simplifications a competitive alternative. We systematically
study the advantages and limitations of simplifications that eliminate
spatial dimensions, from 3D down to 0/1D in quasi-dynamic earthquake
sequence models. We demonstrate that, when 2D or 3D models produce
quasi-periodic characteristic earthquakes, their behavior is
qualitatively similar to lower-dimension models. Certain coseismic
characteristics like stress drop and fracture energy are largely
controlled by frictional parameters and are thus largely comparable.
However, other observations are quantitatively clearly affected by
dimension reduction. We find corresponding increases in recurrence
interval, coseismic slip, peak slip velocity, and rupture speed. These
changes are to a large extend explained by the elimination of
velocity-strengthening patches that transmit tectonic loading onto the
velocity-weakening fault patch, thereby reducing the interseismic stress
rate and enhancing the slip deficit. This explanation is supported by a
concise theoretical framework, which explains some of these findings
quantitatively and effectively estimates recurrence interval and slip.
Through accounting for an equivalent stressing rate at the nucleation
size h* into 2/3D models, 0/1D models can also effectively estimate
these earthquake cycle parameters. Given the computational efficiency of
lower-dimensional models that run more than a million times faster, this
paper aims to provide qualitative and quantitative guidance on
economical model design and interpretation of modeling studies.