Understanding the Extratropical Liquid Water Path Feedback in
Mixed-Phase Clouds with an Idealized Global Climate Model
Abstract
A negative shortwave cloud feedback associated with higher extratropical
liquid water content in mixed-phase clouds is a common feature of global
warming simulations, and multiple mechanisms have been hypothesized. A
set of process-level experiments performed with an idealized global
climate model (a dynamical core with passive water and cloud tracers and
full Rotstayn-Klein single-moment microphysics) show that the common
picture of the liquid water path (LWP) feedback in mixed-phase clouds
being controlled by the amount of ice susceptible to phase change is not
robust. Dynamic condensate processes—rather than static phase
partitioning—directly change with warming, with varied impacts on
liquid and ice amounts. Here, three principal mechanisms are responsible
for the LWP response, namely higher adiabatic cloud water content,
weaker liquid-to-ice conversion through the Bergeron-Findeisen process,
and faster melting of ice and snow to rain. Only melting is accompanied
by a substantial loss of ice, while the adiabatic cloud water content
increase gives rise to a net increase in ice water path (IWP) such that
total cloud water also increases without an accompanying decrease in
precipitation efficiency. Perturbed parameter experiments with a wide
range of climatological LWP and IWP demonstrate a strong dependence of
the LWP feedback on the climatological LWP and independence from the
climatological IWP and supercooled liquid fraction. This idealized setup
allows for a clean isolation of mechanisms and paints a more nuanced
picture of the extratropical mixed-phase cloud water feedback than
simple phase change.