Low-angle shear within the exposed Manzalesti diapir, Romania: salt
decapitation in the Eastern Carpathians fold-and-thrust belt
Abstract
In salt-detached fold-and-thrust belts, contractional modification of
salt structures may include decapitation by thrusting, but examples are
not well known in the subsurface and unreported in outcrop. Here we
present a surface exposure of an intrasalt, sub-horizontal shear zone at
the boundary between the Tarcau and Subcarpathian nappes in the Romanian
Eastern Carpathians. The Manzalesti diapir forms the largest rock salt
outcrop in Europe, with unique salt-karst geomorphology. Numerous wells
show that the outcrop is above deep-seated salt of a precursor
salt-cored anticline or passive diapir whose base is at >
3500 m. Multiscale observations using UAV-based digital outcrop models,
fieldwork, and microstructure analysis show that the outcrop is
characterized by sub-horizontal foliation with isoclinal folds, unlike
the subvertical fabric of most Romanian diapirs. The halite is rich in
clastic inclusions, with a power-law size distribution caused by
tectonic reworking of originally dirty salt. Microstructures show that
the halite matrix is strongly deformed by dislocation creep, forming
subgrains and dynamically recrystallized grains around large
porphyroclasts with piezometry indicating relatively high differential
stress of around 4 MPa, at pressures sufficient to suppress dilatancy.
The observations are best explained by sub-horizontal shear generated by
an overriding nappe, overprinting an original coarse-grained salt fabric
during decapitation of the salt body.