Simulation of topography effects on rockfall-generated seismic signals:
application to Piton de la Fournaise volcano
Abstract
Seismic waves generated by rockfalls contain valuable information on the
properties of these events. However, as rockfalls mainly occur in
mountainous regions, the generated seismic waves can be affected by
strong surface topography variations. We present a methodology for
investigating the influence of topography using a Spectral-Element-based
simulation of 3D wave propagation in various geological media. This
methodology is applied here to Dolomieu crater on the Piton de la
Fournaise volcano, Reunion Island, but it can be used for other sites,
taking into account local topography and medium properties. The
complexity of wave fields generated by single-point forces is analyzed
for different velocity models and topographies. Ground-motion
amplification is studied relative to flat reference models, showing that
Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) and total kinetic energy can be amplified by
factors of up to 10 and 20, respectively. Simulations with Dolomieu-like
crater shapes suggest that curvature variations are more influential
than depth variations. Topographic effects on seismic signals from
rockfalls at Dolomieu crater are revealed by inter-station spectral
ratios. Results suggest that propagation along the topography rather
than source direction dominates the spectral ratios and that resulting
radiation patterns can be neglected. The seismic signature of single
rockfall impacts is studied. Using Hertz contact theory, impact force
and duration are estimated and then used to scale simulations, achieving
order-of-magnitude agreement with observed signal amplitudes and
frequency thresholds. Our study shows that combining Hertz theory with
high-frequency seismic wave simulations on real topography improves the
quantitative analysis of rockfall seismic signals.