Locating rockfalls using inter-station ratios of seismic energy at
Dolomieu crater, Piton de la Fournaise volcano
Abstract
Rockfalls generate seismic signals that can be used to detect and
monitor rockfall activity. Event locations can be estimated on the basis
of arrival times, amplitudes or polarization of these seismic signals.
However, surface topography variations can significantly influence
seismic wave propagation and hence compromise results. Here, we
specifically use the signature of topography on the seismic signal to
better constrain the source location. Seismic impulse responses are
predicted using Spectral Element based simulation of 3D wave propagation
in realistic geological media. Subsequently, rockfalls are located by
minimizing the misfit between simulated and observed inter-station
energy ratios. The method is tested on rockfalls at Dolomieu crater,
Piton de la Fournaise volcano, Reunion Island. Both single boulder
impacts and distributed granular flows are successfully located,
tracking the complete rockfall trajectories by analyzing the signals in
sliding time windows. Results from the highest frequency band (here
13-17\,Hz) yield the best spatial resolution, making it
possible to distinguish detachment positions less than
100\,m apart. By taking into account surface topography,
both vertical and horizontal signal components can be used. Limitations
and the noise robustness of the location method are assessed using
synthetic signals. Precise representation of the topography controls the
location resolution, which is not significantly affected by the assumed
impact direction. Tests on the network geometry reveal best resolution
when the seismometers triangulate the source. We conclude that this
method can improve the monitoring of rockfall activity in real time once
a simulated database for the region of interest is created.