Numerical simulations of a fluidized granular flow entry into water:
insights into modeling tsunami generation by pyroclastic density
currents
Abstract
The tsunami generation potential of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)
entering the sea is poorly understood, due to limited data and
observations. Thus far, tsunami generation by PDCs has been modeled in a
similar manner to tsunami generation associated with landslides or
debris flows, using two-layer depth-averaged approaches. Using the
adaptive partial differential equation solver Basilisk and benchmarking
with published laboratory experiments, this work explores some of the
important parameters not yet accounted for in numerical models of
PDC-generated tsunamis. We use assumptions derived from experimental
literature to approximate the granular, basal flow component of a PDC as
a dense Newtonian fluid flowing down an inclined plane. This modeling
provides insight into how the boundary condition of the slope and the
viscosity of the dense granular-fluid influence the characteristics of
the waves generated. It is shown that the boundary condition of the
slope has a first-order impact on the interaction dynamics between the
fluidized granular flow and water, as well as the energy transfer from
the flow to the generated wave. The experimental physics is captured
well in the numerical model, which confirms the underlying assumption of
Newtonian fluid-like behaviour in the context of wave generation. The
results from this study suggest the importance of considering vertical
density and velocity stratification in wave generation models.
Furthermore, we demonstrate that granular-fluids more dense than water
are capable of shearing the water surface and generating significant
amplitude waves, despite vigorous overturning.