Dynamics of oceanic slab tearing during transform-fault oblique
subduction: Insights from 3D numerical modeling
Abstract
Oceanic slab vertical tearing is prevalently identified in the present
Earth. More general background for vertical slab tearing is the
transform-fault subduction during horizontally-oblique tectonic
convergence. However, its geodynamic mechanisms are poorly understood to
date. This work introduces a full numerical 3-D time-dependent Stokes’
thermo-mechanical flow model to investigate the characteristics and
mechanism of vertical tearing of active transform-faulted oceanic slab
during oblique subduction. We find that (i) transform-fault ages-offset
and (ii) subduction horizontal obliqueness have the first-order control,
even without the lateral physical-property differences. The overriding
plate enforces (surface contact interaction) bending of one slab first,
which superimposes the differential sinking driven by
slabs-age-thickness differences. For obliqueness angles ≥30° and/or
age-ratios of the secondly-bent to the firstly-bent slab being
<0.6, well-developed slab vertical tearing is unavoidable
inside the mantle. Quantifying the horizontal distance vector between
sinking slabs, we find that young overall lithosphere (average
<30 Myr, for any age ratio) at high subduction obliqueness
angles (>~25°) tends to produce
trench-parallel slab tearing. In contrast, combinations of
small-intermediate obliqueness angles (0-30°) and age ratios with the
slab that bends at the trench first being relatively older-thicker, tend
to produce trench-perpendicular tearing, which is related to
differential slabs-hinge retreat or rollback. These
numerically-predicted scenarios and phenomena are consistent with
plate-tear imaging results from subduction zones. Our modeling results
also suggest that the continual along-trench variation in subduction dip
angle may be related to oblique subduction’s early stages of evolution.