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\begin{document}

\title{Deducing non-migrating diurnal tides in the middle thermosphere with
GOLD observations of the Earth's far ultraviolet dayglow from
geostationary orbit}



\author[1,1]{Christopher Scott Krier}%
\author[1,1]{Scott L England}%
\author[2,2]{Katelynn R Greer}%
\author[3,3]{Joseph S. Evans}%
\author[4,4]{Alan G. Burns}%
\author[5,5]{Richard W Eastes}%
\affil[1]{Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}%
\affil[2]{University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[3]{Computational Physics, Incorporated}%
\affil[4]{National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)}%
\affil[5]{Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission images
middle thermosphere temperature and the vertical column density ratio of
oxygen to molecular nitrogen (\selectlanguage{greek}Σ\selectlanguage{english}O/N2) using its far ultraviolet imaging
spectrographs in geostationary orbit. Since GOLD only measures these
quantities during daylight, and only over the \textasciitilde{}140\selectlanguage{ngerman}º of
longitude visible from geostationary orbit, previously developed tidal
analysis techniques cannot be applied to the GOLD dataset. This paper
presents a novel approach that deduces two specified non-migrating
diurnal tides using simultaneous measurements of temperature and \selectlanguage{greek}Σ\selectlanguage{english}O/N2.
DE3 (diurnal eastward propagating wave 3) and DE2 (diurnal eastward
propagating wave 2) during October 2018 and January 2020 are the focus
of this paper. Sensitivity analyses using TIE-GCM simulations reveal
that our approach reliably retrieves the true phases, whereas residual
contributions from tides assumed to be absent, the restriction in
longitude, and random uncertainty can lead to \textasciitilde{} 50\%
error in the retrieved amplitudes. Application of our approach to GOLD
data during these time periods provides the first observations of
non-migrating diurnal tides in measurements taken from geostationary
orbit. We identify discrepancies between GOLD observations and TIE-GCM
modeling. Retrieved tidal amplitudes from GOLD observations exceed their
respective TIE-GCM amplitudes by a factor of two in some cases.%
\end{abstract}%



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