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\begin{document}

\title{Clog and Crack: Opening and Closing Behavior During a Sustained
Explosive Eruption as recorded by its Hidden Earthquakes}



\author[1]{Ricardo Garza Giron}%
\author[1]{Emily E Brodsky}%
\author[2]{Zack Jack Spica}%
\author[3]{Matthew M Haney}%
\affil[1]{University of California, Santa Cruz}%
\affil[2]{University of Michigan}%
\affil[3]{United States Geological Survey}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Volcanic eruptions progress by co-evolving fluid and solid systems. The
fluid mechanics can be observed through the plumes and ejecta produced,
but how does the solid system evolve? When does the conduit open? When
does it close? Seismology can potentially tell us about these processes
by measuring the failure of the solid rock. Such inferences require the
detection of earthquakes during an explosive eruption. Standard
earthquake detection methods often fail during this time as the eruption
itself produces seismic waves that obscures the earthquake signals. We
address this problem by applying supervised and unsupervised search
techniques to the existing catalog of the 2008 Okmok eruption to find
brittle failure signals during the continuous eruptive sequence. The
interaction between fluid pathways and seismicity is reinforced by high
precision earthquake relocations that highlight a ring-fault structure,
which may be acting as a conduit for fluids to the surface. The timing
of the earthquakes during the eruption reveal that the seismicity
gradually increases during the vent-opening stage (July 12-July 24),
peaks during the vent-widening stage (July 24-August 1) which culminates
in a large burst of earthquakes, and then gradually decrease until the
end of the eruptive period. Seismic bursts during the eruption are not
synchronized with the exhalation of large ash and steam plumes. In other
words, when the system is closed, the rock breaks. We call this scenario
clog and crack.%
\end{abstract}%



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