Snowfall is an important component of the mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica. In coastal Victoria Land (VL), changes to snowfall can impact ice masses, landscapes, and coastal ecosystems. Coastal VL is characterized by strong gradients in snowfall rates between the polar desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the high accumulation in northern VL. Extreme precipitation events significantly contribute to total precipitation, with the largest contribution in the Terra Nova Bay area. We present a comprehensive analysis of snowfall dynamics in this region, using a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic to study moisture sources and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to link these to different synoptic weather types. The moisture for snowfall in VL originates from the Southern Ocean, with more local sources in the Ross Sea embayment in summer when sea ice is reduced. We show a strong division in moisture sources between northern and southern VL, with the north receiving precipitation from moisture sources to the west and southern VL from the east. Precipitation in northern VL results from meridional transport of marine air from lower latitudes, while precipitation in southern VL is related to cyclonic disturbances in the Ross Sea that bring moisture from the east. Extreme precipitation in northern VL occurs during blocking highs that intensify meridional transport. Such intrusions of marine air, sometimes in the form of atmospheric rivers, do not impact the more isolated western Ross Ice Shelf and southern VL further in the Ross Sea embayment.

With increased urbanisation, fires in the wildland urban interface (WUI) have become a severe problem worldwide. The unique features of WUI may influence fire-atmosphere interactions. This study utilises the parallelized large eddy simulation model (PALM) system for fire-atmosphere simulations of Bottle Lake Forest, Christchurch, New Zealand. Over 3000 residential buildings are situated around the 7 km2 forest, with many homes only 50 m away from the forest edge. We conducted high-fidelity fire-atmosphere simulations with the finest grid spacing of 4 m. In comparison to WUI simulations, flat terrain simulations were carried out as a reference for idealised scenarios. Fire-weather conditions for the 2022/2023 New Zealand fire season were selected based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI). Data from previous fire field campaigns were obtained to represent the fire heat forcing. Our results show that the WUI simulation coincides with fire heat transport going further downwind than its flat terrain counterpart. Kelvin-Helmholtz waves were present in both the WUI and flat terrain simulations, generating downdrafts from higher levels to the surface. However, downwind heat transport coincides with a pulsing behavior only in the WUI. In addition to these characteristics, analysis of the ambient atmosphere shows that the WUI plays the main role in modifying fire-atmosphere interactions. This study is the first to simulate fire-atmosphere interactions in WUI with such a high fidelity. Our results provide insights into the impact of WUI on fire-atmosphere dynamics. More work is needed to further understand how each component of WUI can alter fire-atmosphere interactions.

 We have characterized the magnitude and spatial extent of observed regional and inter-regional air temperature trends and warming extremes across Antarctica. Prior studies have used localized observational records to analyze air temperature trends across distinct geographical regions, leaving local and inter-regional variations to be undetected. Using the high-resolution temperature product AntAir ICE, air temperature trends and extreme warming events during austral summers were identified across Antarctica for the period 2003-2021. Unsupervised clustering was applied to austral summer and annual mean air temperature trends to divide Antarctica into 12 regions exhibiting similarity in temperature trends. Our results show a significant annual mean cooling trend of - 0.12 °C/Yr for the terrestrial Antarctic Peninsula, and an austral summer (annual) warming trend of + 0.08°C/Yr (+0.07 °C/Yr) in the Ross Sea region’s Victoria Land and Transantarctic Mountains. The spatial extent of each of the 12 clusters’ extreme air temperature events was mapped revealing that West Antarctica has spatially confined events, while East Antarctica events are widespread. ERA5 data indicates that West Antarctica's extreme air temperature events are associated with consistent meridional atmospheric flows. Local to regional extreme warming events in East Antarctica are associated with inland high-pressure systems, which enhance katabatic winds. Localized warming events around complex coastal geographies were detected and appear to be related to mesoscale wind systems such as foehn but require further investigation using mesoscale numerical weather models. This work highlights the necessity for ongoing and new monitoring in regions where critical ecological and physical thresholds are being surpassed.

We present novel in-field vegetation fire observations, and the analyses used to process the data, using brightness temperatures recorded by longwave infrared camera and thermal image velocimetry. The brightness temperatures from a wind-driven stubble wheat fire were obtained in video format with a 60 frames per second (fps) acquisition rate. Multi-level sonic anemometers mounted on a 10m in-fire tower were used for in-situ measurements of turbulent velocity and air temperatures, while fuel level air and flame temperatures were collected by an array of thermocouples. The camera’s image pixel resolution was adequate to resolve dynamics and in accordance with the in-fire thermocouple spacing distances. The in-situ and remotely measured flaming zone dynamics were derived using two different methodologies, Thermal Image Velocimetry (TIV) and Image Segmentation (IS). The results highlight spatial and spectral information of coherent turbulent and mean velocity structures. The power spectra decomposition of the thermal image velocimetry showed similar spectral characteristics to the sonic velocity measurements during the fire passage under the tower with a similar inertial subrange slope. This result reveals plausible evidence of interaction between the flaming zone and wind turbulence for a prescribed rapidly moving stubble wheat fire. This research presents a new field measurement methodology for understanding fire-atmospheric interactions between the flaming zone and the immediate overlying atmospheric turbulent boundary layer.