Laminar and Turbulent Lava Flow in Sheets, Channels, and Tubes:
Estimating Terrestrial and Planetary Lava Flow Rates
Abstract
To date, actively flowing lava has only been observed on Earth and on
Jupiter’s moon Io. This lack of observation means that for the vast
majority of volcanic systems in the Solar System, solidified lava-flow
morphologies are used to infer important information about eruption and
emplacement parameters. These include: lava supply rate, lava
composition, lava rheology, and determination of laminar or turbulent
emplacement regimes. Commonly used models that relate simple lava flow
morphologic properties (e.g., width, thickness, length) to emplacement
characteristics are based on assumptions that are readily
misinterpreted. For example, the simplifying assumption of fully
turbulent lava flow allows for a thermally mixed flow interior, but
ignores the lava properties that naturally work to suppress full
turbulence (such as thermal boundary layers encasing active lava flows,
and a temperature-dependent lava rheology). However, full turbulence in
silicate lava flows erupted into environments that have temperatures
lower than the lava solidification temperature requires a rare
combination of characteristics. We model Bingham Plastic, Newtonian, and
Herschel-Bulkley fluids in rectangular channels, tubes, and sheets with
computational fluid dynamics (COMSOL) software to obtain flow solutions
and general flow rate equations and compare them to field measurements
of volcanic velocity and flow rates. We present these as more realistic
alternatives to older simpler rate-from-morphology models. We find that
several lava rheology properties work together to delay the onset of
turbulence as compared to isothermal Newtonian materials, and that while
turbulent lavas flows certainly exist, they are not as prevalent as the
published literature might indicate. Results obtained from models that
assume full turbulence in silicate flows on the terrestrial planets
should therefore be interpreted cautiously.