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\begin{document}

\title{Ion and electron heating at quasi-parallel bow shocks}



\author[1]{Krzysztof Stasiewicz}%
\affil[1]{University of Zielona Góra}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission indicate
that the density gradients associated with nonlinear compressional
structures (shocklets) in a quasi-parallel bow shock trigger
sequentially two instabilities that heat ions and electrons. The
Lower-Hybrid-Drift (LHD) instability, triggered by the diamagnetic drift
of ions, produces electric fields and ExB drift of electrons that
triggers the Electron-Cyclotron-Drift (ECD) instability. Both
instabilities create large amplitude electric fields
\$\textbackslash{}sim\$20--200 mV/m at wavelengths comparable to the
electron gyroradius. Strong gradients of the electric field lead to
stochastic heating of both ions and electrons, controlled by a
dimensionless function \$\textbackslash{}chi = m\_iq\_i\^{}\{-1\}
B\^{}\{-2\}\textbackslash{}mathrm\{div\}(\textbackslash{}mathbf\{E\}\_\textbackslash{}perp)\$,
which represents a universal, non-resonant heating mechanism for
particles species with mass \$m\_i\$ and charge \$ q\_i\$, independent
of the type of waves and instabilities.%
\end{abstract}%



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