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\begin{document}

\title{On the contributions of incipient vortex circulation and environmental
moisture to tropical cyclone expansion}



\author[1]{Jonathan Martinez}%
\author[1]{Chaehyeon Nam}%
\author[1]{Michael Bell}%
\affil[1]{Colorado State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This study investigates the contributions of incipient vortex
circulation and mid-level moisture to tropical cyclone (TC) expansion
within an idealized numerical modeling framework. We find that the
incipient vortex circulation places the primary constraint on TC
expansion. Increasing the mid-level moisture further promotes expansion
but mostly expedites the intensification process. The expansion rate for
initially large vortices exhibits a stronger response to increasing the
mid-level moisture compared to initially small vortices. Previous
studies have noted a proclivity for relatively small TCs to stay small
and relatively large TCs to stay large; that is, TCs possess a sort of
``memory'' with respect to their incipient circulation. We reproduce
this finding with an independent modeling framework and further
demonstrate that an initially large vortex can expand more quickly than
its relatively smaller counterpart; therefore, with all other factors
contributing to expansion held constant, the contrast in size between
the two vortices will increase with time. Varying the incipient vortex
circulation is associated with subsequent variations in the amount and
scale of outer-core convection. As the incipient vortex circulation
decreases, outer-core convection is relatively scarce and characterized
by small-scale, isolated convective elements. On the contrary, as the
incipient vortex circulation increases, outer-core convection abounds
and is characterized by relatively large rainbands and mesoscale
convective systems. A combined increase in the amount and scale of
outer-core convection permits an initially large vortex to converge a
substantially larger amount of absolute angular momentum compared to its
relatively smaller counterpart, resulting in distinct expansion rates.%
\end{abstract}%



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