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\begin{document}

\title{Mechanisms of estuarine salt plug formation by an along-shelf buoyant
current: a numerical model approach}



\author[1]{Braulio Juarez}%
\author[2]{Arnoldo Valle-Levinson}%
\author[2]{Alberto Canestrelli}%
\affil[1]{Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California}%
\affil[2]{University of Florida}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
While estuarine salt plugs can develop worldwide in estuaries adjacent
to buoyant coastal currents, their formation has been scarcely
documented. This study aims to generalize a mechanism for salt plug
formation that does not invoke evaporation processes but involves a
buoyant coastal current modified by wind stresses. A numerical model,
Delft3D, is used to simulate two idealized bays, one with a single inlet
and another with two inlets. The numerical experiments are inspired by
recent observations and simulate nine different scenarios of wind and
tidal forcings under the influence of an along-shelf buoyant current.
Results show that the salt plug induces an inverse circulation at the
inlet with inflow at the surface and outflow underneath. This
circulation is modified by wind action. The persistence of the salt plug
depends on tidal flushing, as well as wind intensity and direction. A
yearlong numerical experiment with non-stationary buoyant currents and
non-stationary winds indicate that: (i) onshore winds transport oceanic
waters into the bay, while offshore winds export estuarine water to the
ocean; (ii) onshore winds enhance the inverse circulation at the inlet,
while offshore winds stall it. The ratio between wind-driven and
density-induced accelerations, given by the Wedderburn number,
determines the dominant contribution to the along-estuary circulation in
an along-estuary transect. In general, baroclinicity dominates over
wind-stress at the inlet, while wind-stress governs the circulation
along the estuary. This study represents the first attempt to identify
the role of wind and buoyant coastal currents on the dynamics of salt
plug formation.%
\end{abstract}%



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