Using time-lapse borehole NMR relaxation measurements to investigate the
relationship between bedrock weathering and plant-available water
storage
Abstract
Time-lapse borehole nuclear magnetic resonance (bNMR) relaxation is a
promising method for linking water content changes in the unsaturated
region of the critical zone with pore-scale properties associated with
bedrock weathering. The saturation-dependance of the NMR T2 distribution
is strongly controlled by pore-scale material properties and can be
linked to hydraulic properties (e.g. the water retention function and
hydraulic conductivity). Here, we leverage NMR’s sensitivity to
pore-scale properties to investigate material controls on
plant-available water storage dynamics in weathered bedrock via
time-lapse bNMR relaxation measurements. To overcome slow logging speed
and poor signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio typically associated with bNMR
measurements in the unsaturated zone, we focus on the sum of echos (SE).
We show that the advantage of using SE to characterize NMR relaxation,
rather than using the full T2 distribution or the logarithmic mean of
the distribution, is that it is easy to calculate, does not require
inversion, has enhanced SNR, and is sensitive to both volumetric water
content (VWC) and mean T2. This leads to high contrast in SE between
time-lapse measurements relative to other metrics of NMR relaxation. At
our hillslope study site associated with the Eel River CZO, VWC changes
in weathered bedrock driven by deeply-rooted trees allow us to create
“NMR characteristic curves” for different regions of the weathering
profile. Analogous to a water retention function, the NMR characteristic
curves describe NMR relaxation times of a material at a given VWC, and
can be used to identify differences in pore-scale properties. We show
that mean T2 times are typically shorter in bedrock that is more
weathered for the same VWC, which is consistent with smaller pore-sizes
and higher surface relaxivities associated with weathering products such
as secondary clays and oxides. Our well logging indicates that changes
in pore structure associated with bedrock weathering control
plant-available water supply within the bedrock weathering profile.
While these results illustrate the utility of bNMR, further studies that
quantitatively link NMR measurements to flow properties via pore or
empirical models will benefit mechanistic understanding of plant
available water in the critical zone.