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\begin{document}

\title{Experimental Investigation of the Micromechanical Basis for the
Compactive Yield Behavior of a High Porosity Sandstone}



\author[1]{Buhari Ardo}%
\author[1]{Ernest Rutter}%
\author[1]{Julian Mecklenburgh}%
\affil[1]{University of Manchester}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Understanding rock mechanical behavior, especially the onset and nature
of yield (i.e. permanent deformation), is critical to ensure safe and
sustainable operations in many geological engineering applications,
including `low-carbon' subsurface technologies to aid decarbonization.
In porous sandstones, yield corresponds to onset of either permanent
dilatation or compaction accompanied by microcracking and is defined by
a `capped' yield surface in differential stress vs effective mean stress
(Q/P) space. Previous studies showed that compactive yield in porous
sandstones corresponds to the onset of grain fragmentation and pore
collapse, manifested by the deviation of the porosity reduction curve
from the hydrostat. However, determining the onset of yield can be
ambiguous. Here, we investigate the micromechanical basis for the
compactive yield behavior of porous (25\%) Hollington sandstone, which
is comparable to common aquifers, hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir
rocks and other sandstone formations with potentials for underground
storage of fluids (e.g. carbon dioxide and hydrogen). A suite of
conventional triaxial compression experiments with concomitant pore
volumometry were performed to characterize the mechanical behavior of
the rock. Effective mean stress vs porosity reduction data show a slow
but near-linear initial deviation from the hydrostat followed by a sharp
increase in the rate of compaction for most samples that underwent
inelastic porosity reduction below 243 MPa effective mean stress (P*).
Synthesis of mechanical with microstructural data suggests that the
initial deviation from the hydrostat is related to the collapse of local
large pores while the sharp increase in the rate of compaction
corresponds to the onset of grain fragmentation leading to widespread
pore collapse. Plotting yield stresses in Q/P space reveal a near linear
cap of negative slope, albeit with considerable scatter, for stresses
related to the collapse of local large pores, evolving into an
elliptical cap for stresses approximately corresponding to the onset of
widespread grain fragmentation. The results highlight the enhancing
influence of non-hydrostatic stresses acting around large pores on the
compactive yield in rocks with porosity heterogeneities.%
\end{abstract}%



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