Development of a multi-layer canopy model for E3SM Land Model with
support for heterogeneous computing
Abstract
The vertical structure of vegetation canopies creates micro-climates,
which can substantially affect ecosystem responses to climate change.
However, the land components of most Earth System Models, including the
Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), typically neglect vertical
canopy structure by using a single layer big-leaf representation to
simulate water, \cotwo, and energy exchanges between the
land and the atmosphere. In this study, we developed a standalone
Multi-Layer Canopy Model (MLCMv1) for the E3SM Land Model (ELM) to
resolve the micro-climate created by vegetation canopies. The support
for the heterogeneous computation architectures is included by using the
Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Programming. The numerical
implementation of ELM-MLCMv1 was verified against
CLM-ml\_v1 for a month-long simulation using data from
the Ameriflux US-University of Michigan Biological Station (US-UMB)
site. Model structural uncertainty was explored by performing control
simulations for five stomatal conductance models (SCMs). All SCMs after
calibration were able to accurately match observations of sensible and
latent heat flux, though the bias of the three SCMs with plant
hydrodynamics (PHD) was slightly lower than that of two SCMs without
PHD. Additionally, six idealized simulations were performed to study the
impact of environmental variables on canopy processes. All SCMs agreed
on the direction of simulated changes in canopy processes due to the
changes in these environmental variables. ELM-MLCMv1 achieves a speedup
of 25-50 times when comparing performance on a GPU relative to a CPU.
This study provides the first necessary model development for including
the representation of vertical canopies within ELM.